Fact check: Where Vance, Walz stretched the truth during debate

The two vice presidential nominees, Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz and Ohio Sen. JD Vance, faced off tonight on a debate stage in New York City with just over a month until the Nov. 5 election.
The USA TODAY Fact Check Team investigated claims from both nominees and added context where it was missing on issues such as abortion, immigration and Project 2025.
Read on for our analysis of statements that exaggerated, misled, misrepresented or otherwise strayed from reality. Our team uses primary documents, trustworthy nonpartisan sources, data and other research tools to assess the accuracy of claims.
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Debate live updates: JD Vance, Tim Walz face off in high-stakes vice presidential debate
“(Trump) actually implemented some of these regulations when he was president … and I think you could make a really good argument that it salvaged Obamacare, which was doing disastrously until Donald Trump came along.”
Vance didn’t clarify what he meant by “salvaged,” but the description doesn’t line up with Trump’s actions against the landmark legislation.
During his presidency, Trump supported congressional attempts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. While those efforts ultimately failed, the Trump administration still significantly reduced spending on advertising and in-person enrollment assistance, and shortened the amount of time people had to enroll in the program, according to the Brookings Institution, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit.
In 2017, Trump scrapped federal subsidies intended to help insurance companies reduce their risk of losing money by offering coverage under the Affordable Care Act. And in June 2020, the Trump administration asked the Supreme Court to overturn the law, but the court eventually dismissed the case, leaving the Affordable Care Act in place. 
If Vance is referring to salvaging the ACA from a budget perspective, Larry Levitt, executive vice president for health policy at KFF, a healthy policy research firm, pointed out in a blog post in September that comes at a cost.
“Trump’s past proposals would certainly have made the ACA less expensive for the federal government, but with the trade-off of higher out-of-pocket premiums for people, more uninsured and higher spending and greater risk for states,” Levitt said. 
The number of Americans without health insurance rose by about 2.3 million from 2016 to 2019, while Trump was president. 
In January, The Washington Post reported that more than 21 million people had signed up for health plans under the Affordable Care Act, a record amount. 
-Chris Mueller 
The question of how many jobs were created by the law, which allocated billions for clean energy investments in the U.S., does not have a clear answer, but Walz’s number is in line with estimates.
The counts are inconsistent on which jobs they tally, with some referencing jobs created and others jobs that have only been announced.
The White House cited an outside report claiming investments spurred by the law’s climate provisions are “creating over 330,000 new jobs.” Climate Power, a cleantech communications firm, put the number of “announced” jobs north of 300,000 as of May 2024.
On the lower end, the Department of Energy says 142,000 new clean energy jobs were created in 2023, the first full year after the law was signed. And E2, a clean energy group, says more than 109,000 jobs have been or stand to be created if projects announced in the law’s first two years are completed.
Some counts do not indicate if they include temporary jobs to build new factories or green energy assets, while some counts only include permanent jobs to run the projects, contributing to the wide range in the estimates.
-Nate Trela
“Look, in Springfield, Ohio, and in communities all across this country, you’ve got schools that are overwhelmed, you’ve got hospitals that are overwhelmed … because we brought in millions of illegal immigrants to compete with Americans for scarce homes.”
About 10,000 to 15,000 Haitian migrants have moved to Springfield over the past five years, according to the Springfield News-Sun. But it’s misleading to group that population in with a national reference to illegal immigration. The migrants aren’t living in the city illegally, they are living and working in the U.S. under the Immigration Parole Program Biden extended in June as Haiti copes with political instability and natural disasters. 
Vance and former President Donald Trump previously claimed Haitian immigrants are eating cats and dogs in Springfield but Springfield city officials, including the city manager, told USA TODAY there is no evidence of this. 
There was an incident in Canton, Ohio, about 170 miles northeast of Springfield, involving a 27-year-old woman who was arrested in August on suspicion of killing and eating a cat, but the woman was not a Haitian immigrant, according to the Cincinnati Enquirer. 
-Hannah Hudnall 
“Donald Trump hasn’t paid any federal tax in the last 15 years.” 
This is false.
Trump paid a total of $1.1 million in federal income taxes during the first three years of his presidency, according to documents released in 2022 by Democrats on the House Ways and Means Committee. 
Walz appears to be misstating the findings of an investigation by The New York Times in 2020. 
It found that Trump paid no federal income taxes 10 times in the 15 years before he was elected president in 2016, primarily because he reported losing significantly more money than he made. Trump paid $750 in both 2016 and 2017, his first year in office, the newspaper reported. 
– Joedy McCreary 
“Prescription drugs fell in 2018 for the first time in a very long time. Under Kamala Harris’ leadership prescription drugs are up about 7%. Under Donald Trump’s entire four years they were up about 1.5%.” 
Prescription drug costs can be analyzed using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index. The bureau calculates its index for prescription drugs by measuring the “price change of drugs purchased with a prescription at a retail, mail order or internet pharmacy,” according to its website. A chart illustrating the index tracks the percent change in costs over a 12-month period.
The chart shows drug costs fluctuated during former President Donald Trump’s term. From January 2017 to January 2018, costs increased by 2.4%, but they then dropped by 0.5% as of January 2019. That was the first year-over-year decrease in a Janauary in decades, though there were some months with small drops in 2013.
Costs grew again as of January 2020 by 2.5% then sank by 2.4% as of January 2021.
In comparison, the chart shows drug costs solely increased under President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris’ administration, with year-over-year increases of 1.3% as of January 2022, 2.6% in January 2023 and 0.4% in January 2024.
-Hannah Hudnall 
“I come from a major healthcare state. … We understand health care. It’s why we’re ranked first on affordability and accessibility and quality of health care.” 
Walz is presumably referring to a WalletHub report in July that found Minnesota is the country’s “best state” for health care, based on methodology that took into account cost, access and health outcomes.
Minnesota has the “fourth-lowest average out-of-pocket medical spending and the sixth-lowest average monthly insurance premium,” said the report, which ranked the state at No. 2 for cost. Iowa was ranked No. 1 for cost, and fourth overall.  Walz had also touted the WalletHub report in a press release from his office.
Such rankings can vary widely between organizations given the various methodologies in use.
A study by Forbes ranked Minnesota No. 34 in their study of the most expensive states for health care. North Carolina took the top spot for the most expensive state for health care, ranking at No. 1. US News & World Report ranks Minnesota No. 6 for health care affordability.
-Andre Byik 
“He peacefully gave over power on Jan. 20.” 
This is missing a glaring piece of context given what happened 14 days earlier.
Yes, former President Donald Trump didn’t do anything to interrupt President Joe Biden’s inauguration that specific day in 2021, skipping the ceremony and flying to his Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida for the final minutes of his term. 
But that ignores the reason for Trump’s second impeachment – for inciting the insurrection on Jan. 6. It’s a day that was anything but peaceful, and Trump played a key role in it.
Trump “lit that fire,” Democratic Mississippi Rep. Bennie Thompson, chairman of the bipartisan House Committee that investigated the riots, wrote in the body’s 814-page report.
Before Trump’s supporters stormed the Capitol, he spoke on the Ellipse and urged them to march while Congress was voting to certify the 2020 election results. Democrats have pointed to one phrase Trump used as an incitement: “We fight like hell. And if you don’t fight like hell, you’re not going to have a country anymore,” Trump said. His attorneys, however, argued that he urged his supporters to “peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard.”
Trump, who faces federal criminal charges over his efforts to overturn the 2020 election, has for four years refused to acknowledge that he lost it. An array of recounts, reviews and lawsuits have generated no evidence of widespread voter fraud or a Trump win – and repeatedly confirmed Biden’s victory.
Notably, Vance did not directly answer a question from Walz about whether Trump lost the 2020 presidential election, saying he is “focused on the future.”
– Joedy McCreary
“Donald Trump was the guy who created the largest trade deficit in American history with China.” 
Assigning responsibility for a trade deficit to a president may be an oversimplification, according to industry experts and media reports that point to both policies and the habits of consumers abroad as drivers of deficits.   
But the numbers do show the trade deficit with China hit a record high in 2018 under Trump, reaching $419.2 billion, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The largest gap during the Biden administration was $367 billion in 2022, according to the U.S. Trade Representative.    
-Nate Trela 
“Less than 2% of that wall got built, and Mexico didn’t pay a dime. 
Former President Donald Trump had said the U.S. needed 1,000 miles of border wall during the 2016 campaign. 
Under his term in office, 458 miles of barriers were constructed at the southern border, but as U.S. News reported, the “vast majority” of these miles were built where “some kind of barrier already existed.” 
Before Trump took office, the U.S.-Mexico border had about 654 miles of primary barriers and 37 miles of secondary barriers, PolitiFact reported, citing a U.S. Customs Border Protection report it obtained. By January 2021, the border had 706 miles of primary barriers and 70 miles of secondary barriers, the article said.
Those 52 miles of new primary barriers represent about 2.7% of the total length of the U.S.-Mexico border, which is 1,933 miles. USA TODAY’s interactive border wall map shows large stretches with no barriers at all.
Trump had said Mexico would pay for his border wall construction, but the country did not, multiple media outlets reported. 
-Andre Byik, Brad Sylvester 
“When was the last time that an American president didn’t have a major conflict break out? The only answer was during the four years Donald Trump was president.” 
This claim echoes one Trump made during his Republican National Convention speech that “we had no wars,” and it depends on how you define a major conflict. 
It’s true that no new wars started during Trump’s term. Nor were there any authorizations of military force. But no new wars broke out during the presidencies of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford or Jimmy Carter, either. While Nixon governed through the Vietnam War, as our previous fact check determined, he didn’t start any foreign wars. And Carter – who turned 100 on Oct. 1 – has expressed pride that “we never dropped a bomb.” 
The claim also fails to acknowledge the military actions taken by Trump, who ordered airstrikes on Syria in 2018 in retaliation for a suspected chemical weapons attack and killed Iranian military leader Gen. Qassem Soleimani in a 2020 airstrike. And according to a 2020 Brown University report, the rules of engagement for airstrikes in Afghanistan were relaxed in 2017, leading to a 330% increase in civilian fatalities. 
– Joedy McCreary 
“We’re the cleanest economy in the entire world.”
Discussions of “clean” economies or industries generally focus on carbon dioxide emissions, and by that measure this claim is off base. The U.S. is not the world’s cleanest economy in terms of carbon intensity, which measures carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of a country’s gross domestic product.
In 2022, the U.S. emitted 0.26 kilograms per dollar of GDP, according to Our World in Data. That is less efficient than many European and South American countries, such as France at 0.11 kilograms per dollar of GDP or Brazil at 0.15 kilograms per dollar.
The U.S. also emits more CO2 per capita than most other countries in the world – about 14.9 tons per person in 2022. That’s higher than China, which emitted about eight tons per person in 2022, though it has more than four times as many people as the U.S.
-Chris Mueller 
“Iran has received over $100 billion in unfrozen assets thanks to the Kamala Harris administration.” 
This is an apparent reference to a pair of agreements that allowed Iran to access up to $16 billion of previously frozen assets – not $100 billion, as Vance claimed.
First, in September 2023, a prisoner exchange between the U.S. and Iran included the unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets, Factcheck.org reported. It also led to the release of five Americans from Iranian custody and allowed them to return to the U.S., while five Iranians either charged or convicted in the U.S. also received clemency.  
Second, in November 2023, Secretary of State Antony Blinken renewed a waiver that allowed Iraq to continue to purchase electricity from Iran, with restrictions that require Iran to use the proceeds for humanitarian purposes, according to Factcheck.org. Multiple news outlets reported that an estimated $10 billion had built up from Iraqi payments for Iranian electricity. 
In 2016, under then-President Barack Obama, the U.S. dropped sanctions on Iran as a result of a nuclear deal that led the U.S. and European countries to unfreeze about $100 billion in Iranian assets. Harris wasn’t involved in that deal. 
-Chris Mueller 
“Their (Donald Trump and JD Vance’s) Project 2025 is going to have a registry of pregnancies.” 
Project 2025 seeks to limit abortion access and calls for healthcare workers to report abortion pill complications using the FDA’s Adverse Events Reporting System, but it doesn’t mention anything about a federal pregnancy tracking agency.
When asked during an April 12 Time magazine interview whether states should monitor women’s pregnancies to determine if they are in compliance with abortion laws, former President Donald Trump said states “might do that” but that it was a decision the states would be allowed to make themselves. 
USA TODAY has previously debunked several similarclaims, including the incorrect labeling of this as Trump’s plan.
Project 2025, a 900-page political playbook for the next Republican president, was created by the Heritage Foundation in collaboration with more than 100 conservative groups. Though the project involves numerous allies of former President Donald Trump and some of its proposals overlap with Trump’s policies, the project wasn’t created by Trump. 
The former president previously attempted to distance himself from the project, saying in a July 5 Truth Social post, “I know nothing about Project 2025. … I disagree with some of the things they’re saying and some of the things they’re saying are absolutely ridiculous and abysmal.”
Here’s what Project 2025 says about gathering data on pregnancies:
-Hannah Hudnall 
This is largely true, although natural gas production is projected to dip slightly in 2024, according to the Energy Information Administration, 
The U.S. produced a record 12.9 million barrels of oil per day in 2023, reaching 13.4 million barrels daily in December 2023. The EIA projects 13.25 million barrels daily production this year. 
The EIA also said 2023 was a record year for natural gas production, with 37.8 trillion cubic feet of dry gas produced. However, its 2024 outlook expects a dip because of producers reducing activity in response to lower prices. The agency projects production to climb back to record levels in 2025. 
-Nate Trela 
“Right now in this country … we have 320,000 children that the Department of Homeland Security has effectively lost.” 
This distorts a key finding in an August 2024 report from the Department of Homeland Security’s inspector general. It found Immigration and Customs Enforcement has been unable to keep track of all unaccompanied minors released from government custody.
The claim combines two numbers in the report. More than 32,000 unaccompanied migrant children failed to appear for their immigration court hearings between 2019-23 – a period spanning the presidencies of Donald Trump and Joe Biden, according to the report. It said, “ICE was not able to account for the location of all (unaccompanied migrant children) who were released by HHS and did not appear as scheduled in immigration court.”
The report also found more than 291,000 unaccompanied children who as of May 2024 had not been served notices to appear in court by ICE or had court dates scheduled for them.
The report found the number of unaccompanied children who missed their court dates may have been higher than 32,000 had ICE issued notices or scheduled court dates for those children. 
– Joedy McCreary 
“We haven’t built a nuclear facility, I think one, in the past 40 years.” 
The Energy Information Administration says on its website that the newest nuclear reactor began commercial operation in Georgia on April 29. Other nuclear reactors came online in the years prior, including another new reactor in Georgia that began operating in July 2023 and a reactor in Tennessee that joined the grid in 2016.
Almost all of the U.S.’s nuclear reactors were constructed between 1967 and 1990, according to the World Nuclear Association, but no new construction took place between 1977 and 2013 due to the increased popularity of gas generation and heightened safety concerns following Three Mile Island. 
-Hannah Hudnall 
“When Iranian missiles did fall near U.S. troops, and they received traumatic brain injuries, Donald Trump wrote it off as ‘headaches.’” 
Walz is referring to an Iranian missile attack in January 2020 on a military base in Iraq where U.S. troops were located, following the killing of high-ranking Iranian general Qassem Soleimani in a U.S. drone strike, according to the Associated Press. 
American troops suffered head injuries in the attack, and then-President Donald Trump, at a press conference in Davos, Switzerland, said, “I heard they had headaches and a couple of other things … and I can report it is not very serious,” according to the AP. 
In 2021, the Military Times, citing a Defense Department Inspector General report, reported that traumatic brain injuries suffered by over 100 American troops in the missile attack weren’t properly reported and tracked by U.S. Central Command. 
-Andre Byik 
In addition to live events like tonight’s debate, the USA TODAY Fact Check Team publishes about 100 checks each month on the most viral and significant claims circulating online. Here’s how to find our work. 
-Eric Litke
Ohio Sen. JD Vance was thrust into the national spotlight after being picked as former President Donald Trump’s running mate in July. This increased attention came with a flurry of online speculation about the Hillbilly Elegy author. 
From his military background to his marital history, online users have spread an array of misinformation about the vice-presidential candidate.  
Here are some of USA TODAY’s fact-checks about Vance: 
– Hannah Hudnall
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz has been on the national political stage for fewer than two months. Yet an array of false or misleading claims has circulated about the Democrats’ nominee for vice president. 
Many centered on his gubernatorial record and the various policy proposals he and Democratic presidential nominee Kamala Harris have promoted. Others reference his prior occupations. Before going into politics, Walz was a teacher, a football coach and a soldier in the Army National Guard. 
Among the false or misleading claims related to Walz that USA TODAY has debunked:  
– Joedy McCreary 
We fact-checked key speakers throughout the Republican and Democratic conventions. Catch up here on what was false, what was true and what was in between from Kamala Harris, Donald Trump, JD Vance, Tim Walz and a host of others. 
Follow USA TODAY’s social media profiles during and after the debate as our team fact-checks vice presidential candidates JD Vance and Tim Walz, correcting falsehoods and adding context where it’s needed. 
We’ll post a roundup of the most noteworthy moments of the night in a fact-check video, part of a series we launched this year. 
Here are some of our recent video fact-checks:  
-Andre Byik  
Ever wonder how fact-checkers do their work? We’ve got you covered. 
Check out our process explainer to see how we pick claims, research them and edit them. This includes a rundown of how we cover live events like tonight’s debate. 
And if you’ve ever wondered who fact-checks the fact-checkers, you might want to read this op-ed explaining our emphasis on transparency. Because the answer is you! We use the format and approach precisely so that everyone has the ability to check our work. 
-Eric Litke 
This story was updated to add a video.